The Parts of Speech

1. Nouns
2. Pronouns
3. Verbs
4. Adjectives
5. Adverbs
6. Interjections
7. Prepositions
8. Conjunctions

Nouns

1. Person
2. Place
3. Thing
4. Idea

Types of Nouns

1. Common Nouns
1. car, boat, house, friend
2. Proper Nouns
1. Jim, Maria, Annabelle
3. Mass Nouns
1. water, ocean, soil, grass
4. Count Nouns
1. chairs, buildings, cars, boats
5. Verbal Nouns
1. running, playing, fly-fishing
6. Collective Nouns
1. team, choir, congress

Nouns — Continued

Pronouns

1. Replace nouns--antecedent
2. Pronoun Types
1. Subject Pronouns
1. I, you, we, they, he, she, it, who
2. I am happy.
3. They enjoyed the movie.
4. Who are you speaking to?
5. It is I.
6. That is she.

Object Pronouns

1. me, you, us, them, him, her, it, whom
2. Jeff likes her.
3. Maria hates him.
4. The President wants them to join.
5. To whom it may concern, he is a good worker.
6. Between you and me, she is a good employee.

Indefinite Pronouns

1. Singular: everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody
2. Singular: none, no one, neither
3. Plural: some, both, few, many, others, several

Possessive Pronouns

1. your, their, our, his, hers, mine, my

Intensive and Reflexive Pronouns

1. Intensive Pronouns Intensify the Noun or Pronoun
2. The President himself came to our small town.
3. The Mayor herself taught a class on civics.
4. The newspaper itself retracted the story.
5. Reflexive Pronouns Reflect the Object Back to the Subject.
6. You hurt yourself on the metal corner.
7. The student taught herself about civics.
8. The judge recused himself from the case.

Pronouns Agreement

• The antecedent or noun must agree in number with the pronoun that is referring back to it.
• Everybody on the bus left his or her lunch behind.
• No one in class did well on his or her test.
• Everyone in the NFL knows his position on the field
• Anyone of the students can do their assignment in the library.

There must be a noun(antecedent) for the pronoun to refer back to and it must not be confusing.

• A lawyer and her client need to be able to discuss their concerns in private.
• I know all about what it is doing.

Pronoun Point of View

Pronoung point of view needs to be clear and consistent. If a sentence starts in first person, it should stay in first person. Transitions should be clear to the reader. For example, television cooks will often start in first person but can switch to second person when speaking directly to the audience.

• First person: I, me, my, mine, we, us
• Second person: you (always plural)
• Third person: he, she, it, they, them, and nouns.

Pronouns — Continued

Verbs

Action

1. Examples
2. Jeff runs fast.
3. The shark attacked and killed a seal.
4. You forgot to pick up food and drop off the dry cleaning.

State of being

1. Examples
2. Jeff is running very fast.
3. The shark was unsuccesful at killing a seal.
4. You are forgetting to pick up the food that is now cold.

Verbs — Continued

Adjectives

Modify Nouns and Pronouns

1. Examples
2. The old, red, Russian, cargo plane barely got off the frozen ground.
3. The great white shark attacked and killed a helpless seal.
4. Everyone is happy and joyous during the holiday.

Superlatives

1. Compares One Against Many
2. best, worst, -est
3. The Packers are the best professional football team in Wisconsin.
4. The smartest computer is known as Watson.
5. The oldest computer is known as Eniac.

Comparatives

1. Compares Two Things
2. better, worse, -er
3. The Packers are better than the Cowboys.
4. Brett Favre missed fewer games than Aaron Rodgers.
5. IBM's Watson computer is newer than a Commodore 64.

Adjectives — Continued

The Proper Use of Good and Well

Adverbs

1. Modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs
2. Often have an -ly ending
1. only, immediately, quickly, finely
3. Placement is important
1. Jeff had almost $200. (Jeff has $190.)
2. Jeff almost had $200. (Jeff has no money.)
4. The Packers immediatelyscored against the Cowboys.
5. Brett Favre almost missed a game during his career.
6. IBM's Watson requires a finely controlled environment.

Adverbs — Continued

Interjections

1. show emotion and excitement
2. Examples
1. Ouch! That really hurts.(Strong)
2. Ouch, that really hurts.(Less strong)
3. Stop! That is dangerous.(Strong)
4. Stop, that is dangerous.(Less strong)

Interjections — Continued

Prepositions

1. provide details of time, place, or possession
2. Examples
1. Over the river and through the woods to grandmothers house, we go.
2. In the morning by the river near the willow, I found a bag of money.
3. The magazines are on top of the refrigerator under the statue of Mary.
4. I found a bag of money on the corner of Fifth and Main between the blue fire hydrant and the storm drain through the hole in the hedge row beneath a pile of leaves.

Prepositions — Continued

The noun or pronoun in a prepositional phrase is the "object" of the preposition. This becomes important when a pronoun ends the phrase because you need to use an object pronoun. And, because of this fact, the object of the preposition can never be the subject of the sentence.

1. between you and me
2. of them
3. to us

Prepositions — Continued

Coordinating Conjunctions

1. F.A.N.B.O.Y.S.
1. For
2. And
3. Nor
4. But
5. Or
6. Yet
7. So

Conjunctions

1. What do they mean?
1. We stopped somewhere to eat, for we were hungry.
2. Mark wanted to stop somewhere to eat, and Jen agreed with him
3. Neither Ben nor Jerry liked that ice cream.
4. Not only do we learn about coordinating conjunctions, but we also learn about correlating conjunctions.
5. We could go to the movies, or we could go with them to the game.
6. We wanted to go to the game, yet no one else wanted to go along.
7. No one wanted to go to the game, so we decided to go to the movies instead.

Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions are placed at the beginning of a sentence or independent clause and then subordinate that clause or sentence in relation to the next clause or sentence, making it dependent on the other sentence to make sense.

1. after, how, till ( or 'til)
2. although, if, unless
3. as, inasmuch, until
4. as if, in order, that, when
5. as long as, lest, whenever
6. as much as, now that, where
7. as soon as, provided (that), wherever
8. as though, since, while
9. because, so that
10. before, than
11. even if, that
12. even though, though

Subordinating Conjunctions Examples

1. While I was on my way to work today, I saw an accident.
2. Stop by the store on your way home if you take Milton Ave.
3. As long as you are making a hamburger for yourself, please make me one too.
4. Make sure to save your assignment before closing out your web browser.
5. Once you have answered all the questions, please bring your test up to the teacher's desk.

Conjunctions — Continued

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